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Two-step hydrothermal conversion of biomass waste to humic acid using hydrochar as intermediate

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年 第17卷 第10期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-023-1719-8

摘要： Converting biomass materials to humic acid is a sustainable method for humic acid production and achieve biomass valorization. A two-step hydrothermal treatment method was adopted in this study to produce humic acid from corn stalks. In the first step of the process, hydrochar was prepared at different hydrothermal temperatures and pH values. Their chemical properties were then analyzed, and the hydrochar-derived humic acids were produced under alkaline hydrothermal conditions (denoted as HHAalk). The hydrochar, prepared under high temperature (200 °C) and strong acidic (pH 0) conditions, achieved high HHAalk yields (i.e., 67.9 wt% and 68.8 wt% calculated based on weight of hydrochar). The sources of HHAalk formation were as follows: 1) production in the hydrochar preparation stage, and 2) increment under the alkaline hydrothermal treatment of hydrochar. The degree of hydrochar unsaturation was suggested as an indicator for evaluating the hydrochar humification potential under alkaline hydrothermal conditions. This study provides an important reference for the preparation of suitable hydrochar with high hydrothermal humification potential.

关键词： Biowaste     Hydrochar     Humic acid     Hydrothermal parameter     Unsaturation    

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Research progress on hydrothermal dissolution and hydrolysis of lignocellulose and lignocellulosic waste

Yan ZHAO, Wenjing LU, Jiajun CHEN, Xiangfeng ZHANG, Hongtao WANG

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2014年 第8卷 第2期   页码 151-161 doi: 10.1007/s11783-013-0607-z

摘要： Ethanol production from lignocellulosic waste has attracted considerable attention because of its feasibility and the generation of valuable products. Previous studies have shown that pretreatment and hydrolysis are key processes for lignocellulose conversion. Hydrothermal process is a promising technique because of its efficiency to break down the lignocellulosic structures and produce fermentable hexoses. Most studies in this field have therefore focused on understanding these processes or optimizing the parameters, but commonly reported low yields of fermentable hexoses. The inability to produce high yields of fermentable hexoses is mainly attributed to inadequate information on the conversion mechanisms of lignocellulose, particularly the reaction rules of dissolution, which is a limiting step in the entire conversion process. This paper critically reviewed the progress done in the research and development of the hydrothermal dissolution and hydrolysis of lignocellulose. Principles, processes, and related studies on separate dissolution and asynchronous hydrolysis of lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose are presented. Potential research prospects are also suggested.

关键词： lignocellulosic waste     hydrothermal conversion     separate dissolution     asynchronous hydrolysis     mechanism    

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Nitrogen distribution in the products from the hydrothermal liquefaction of sp. and sp.

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第6期   页码 985-995 doi: 10.1007/s11705-021-2126-y

摘要： The high contents of nitrogen-containing organic compounds in biocrude obtained from hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae are one of the most concerned issues on the applications and environment. In the project, Chlorella sp. and Spirulina sp. were selected as raw materials to investigate the influence of different reaction conditions (i.e., reaction temperature, residence time, solid loading rate) on the distribution of nitrogen in the oil phase and aqueous phase. Three main forms of nitrogen-containing organic compounds including nitrogen-heterocyclic compounds, amide, and amine were detected in biocrudes. The contents of nitrogen-heterocyclic compounds decreased with temperature while amide kept increasing. The effect of residence time on the components of nitrogen-containing organic compounds was similar with that of temperature. However, the influence of solid loading rate was insignificant. Moreover, it was also found that the differences of amino acids in the protein components in the two microalgae might affect the nitrogen distribution in products. For example, nitrogen in basic amino acids of Spirulina sp. preferred to go into the aqueous phase comparing with the nitrogen in neutral amino acids of Chlorella sp. In summary, a brief reaction map was proposed to describe the nitrogen pathway during microalgae hydrothermal liquefaction.

关键词： microalgae     hydrothermal liquefaction     biocrude     nitrogen distribution    

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ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS IN HYDROCHAR PRODUCED BY HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION OF DAIRY MANURE

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年 第10卷 第3期   页码 437-447 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2023507

摘要：

● Content of heavy metals in hydrochar varies considerably, from 50% to 100%.

关键词： heavy metals     dairy manure     hydrochar     hydrothermal carbonization     waste management    

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Ti incorporation in MCM-41 mesoporous molecular sieves using hydrothermal synthesis

Shengping WANG, Changqing MA, Yun SHI, Xinbin MA

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2014年 第8卷 第1期   页码 95-103 doi: 10.1007/s11705-014-1405-2

摘要： Titanium-containing mesoporous materials (Ti-MCM-41) were obtained by hydrothermal synthesis. Such materials are active catalysts for the transesterification of dimethyl oxalate and phenol to produce diphenyl oxalate. To understand the role of the Ti in the catalytic process, Ti-MCM-41 samples with different Si/Ti ratios (from 5 to 100) were prepared and the samples were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and ammonia temperature programmed desorption. It was concluded that the Ti is incorporated into the framework of the MCM-41 and formed weak Lewis acid sites. In addition, the number of Ti(IV) sites increased as the amount of titanium increased. X-ray powder diffraction, N adsorption-desorption and transmission electron microscopy results showed that the Ti-MCM-41 samples have a hexagonal arrangement of mono-dimensional pores. A large number of Ti(IV) sites coupled with the mesoporous structure and large pore diameters are favorable for the transesterification catalytic properties of Ti-MCM-41.

关键词： Ti-MCM-41     mesoporous molecular sieve     acid sites     transesterification     hydrothermal synthesis    

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Underlying mechanism of the hydrothermal instability of Cu

Nadeen Al-Janabi,Abdullatif Alfutimie,Flor R. Siperstein,Xiaolei Fan

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2016年 第10卷 第1期   页码 103-107 doi: 10.1007/s11705-015-1552-0

摘要： Water induced decomposition of Cu (BTC) (BTC= benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate) metal-organic framework (MOF) was studied using dynamic water vapour adsorption. Small-angle X-ray scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry analyses revealed that the underlying mechanism of Cu (BTC) MOF decomposition under humid streams is the interpenetration of water molecules into Cu-BTC coordination to displace organic linkers (BTC) from Cu centres.

关键词： hydrothermal stability     metal-organic framework (MOF)     open metal sites (OMSs)     dynamic water vapour adsorption    

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Effects of metal ions on the morphology of calcium sulfate hemihydrate whiskers by hydrothermal method

Tianjie Liu, Hao Fan, Yanxia Xu, Xingfu Song, Jianguo Yu

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年 第11卷 第4期   页码 545-553 doi: 10.1007/s11705-017-1665-8

摘要： The effects of Na , Mg , Al and Fe ion concentrations on the crystal morphology of calcium sulfate hemihydrate whiskers formed via a hydrothermal method have been studied. In the presence of Al concentrations higher than 1×10 mol/L the whiskers were significantly shorter and thicker and the presence of Mg and Fe resulted in shorter whiskers. The presence of Na did not affect the morphology of the whiskers. Through elemental analysis, it was determined that Mg and Al were selectively adsorbed on the surfaces of the crystals, whereas Fe underwent a hydrolysis reaction to form a brown precipitate which decreased the ion concentration in the solution. These results indicate that in raw materials used for the industrial preparation of calcium sulfate whiskers, Al and Fe should be removed and the Mg concentration should be less than 8 × 10 mol/L in order to obtain pure whiskers with high aspect ratios.

关键词： metal ions     morphology     calcium sulfate hemihydrate whiskers     hydrothermal method     selective adsorption    

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Hydrothermal treatment of MSWI fly ash for simultaneous dioxins decomposition and heavy metal stabilization

Jinlong XIE, Yuyan HU, Dezhen CHEN, Bin ZHOU,

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2010年 第4卷 第1期   页码 108-115 doi: 10.1007/s11783-010-0013-8

摘要： Researches on the hydrothermal treatment of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash were conducted to eliminate dioxins and stabilize heavy metals. In order to enhance decomposing polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs) during hydrothermal process, a strong reductant carbohydrazide (CHZ) is introduced. A hydrothermal reactor was set up by mixing raw MSWI fly ash or the pre-treated fly ash with water and then heated to a pre-set temperature; CHZ was spiked into solution according to specially defined dosage. Experimental results showed that under the temperatures of 518K and 533K, the decomposition rates of PCDDs/PCDFs were over 80% and 90%, respectively, by total concentration. However, their toxic equivalent (TEQ) decreased only slightly or even increased due to the rising in concentration of congeners 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD/TCDF, which might be resulted from the highly chlorinated congeners losing their chlorine atoms and being degraded during the hydrothermal process. Better results of TEQ reduction were also obtained under the higher tested temperature of 533K and reactor with addition of 0.1%wt CHZ was corresponded to the best results. Good stabilization of heavy metals was also obtained in the same hydrothermal process especially when ferrous sulphate was added as auxiliary agent.

关键词： municipal solid wastes incineration (MSWI)     fly ashes     polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins (PCDDs)     polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs)     hydrothermal     heavy metal stabilization    

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Preparation and characterization of ZnO/ZnS hybrid photocatalysts via microwave-hydrothermal method

ZHAO Jinglian, WANG Xinping, ZHAO Liang

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2008年 第2卷 第4期   页码 415-420 doi: 10.1007/s11783-008-0056-2

摘要： The photocatalytic performance of ZnO/ZnS hybrid nanocomposite was largely higher than that of the mere ZnO or ZnS nanoparticles, but the complicated procedure and misdistribution of final products limited its large-scale productions. The exploration of a novel synthesis route of ZnO/ZnS hybrid photocatalysts with high catalytic performance is becoming a crucial step for the large-scale application of ZnO/ZnS hybrid photocatalytic technique. Preparation and characterization of nanosized ZnO/ZnS hybrid photocatalysts were studied in this paper. The photocatalysts were obtained via microwave-hydrothermal crystallization with the help of sodium citrate. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), particle size distribution (PSD), and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results indicated that so-synthesized ZnO/ZnS samples consisted of the high pure cubic (sphalerite) ZnS and hexagonal ZnO nanocrystallines with a narrow particle size distribution. The possible formation mechanisms of ZnO/ZnS nanocrystallines were mainly attributed to the superficially protective effect of citrate. The photocatalytic experiments demonstrated that the ZnO/ZnS photocatalysts exhibited a higher catalytic activity for the degradation of acid fuchsine than other monocomponents.

关键词： large-scale     hexagonal     misdistribution     characterization     nanocomposite    

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Efficient hydrothermal deoxygenation of methyl palmitate to diesel-like hydrocarbons on carbon encapsulated

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年 第17卷 第2期   页码 139-155 doi: 10.1007/s11705-022-2217-4

摘要： Porous carbon-encapsulated Ni and Ni–Sn intermetallic compound catalysts were prepared by the one-pot extended Stöber method followed by carbonization and tested for in-situ hydrothermal deoxygenation of methyl palmitate with methanol as the hydrogen donor. During the catalyst preparation, Sn doping reduces the size of carbon spheres, and the formation of Ni–Sn intermetallic compounds restrain the graphitization, contributing to larger pore volume and pore diameter. Consequently, a more facile mass transfer occurs in carbon-encapsulated Ni–Sn intermetallic compound catalysts than in carbon-encapsulated Ni catalysts. During the in-situ hydrothermal deoxygenation, the synergism between Ni and Sn favors palmitic acid hydrogenation to a highly reactive hexadecanal that easily either decarbonylate to n-pentadecane or is hydrogenated to hexadecanol. At high reaction temperature, hexadecanol undergoes dehydrogenation–decarbonylation, generating n-pentadecane. Also, the C–C bond hydrolysis and methanation are suppressed on Ni–Sn intermetallic compounds, favorable for increasing the carbon yield and reducing the H2 consumption. The n-pentadecane and n-hexadecane yields reached 88.1% and 92.8% on carbon-encapsulated Ni3Sn2 intermetallic compound at 330 °C. After washing and H2 reduction, the carbon-encapsulated Ni3Sn2 intermetallic compound remains stable during three recycling cycles. This is ascribed to the carbon confinement that effectively suppresses the sintering and loss of metal particles under harsh hydrothermal conditions.

关键词： extended Stöber method     carbon encapsulated Ni–Sn intermetallic compounds     confinement     in-situ hydrothermal deoxygenation     hydrogenation     decarbonylation    

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Hydrogel photocatalysts for efficient energy conversion and environmental treatment

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第3期   页码 577-595 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0756-x

摘要： Photocatalysts have attracted great research interest owing to their excellent properties and potential for simultaneously addressing challenges related to energy needs and environmental pollution. Photocatalytic particles need to be in contact with their respective media to exhibit efficient photocatalytic performances. However, it is difficult to separate nanometer-sized photocatalytic materials from reaction media later, which may lead to secondary pollution and a poor recycling performance. Hydrogel photocatalysts with a three-dimensional (3D) network structures are promising support materials for photocatalysts based on features such as high specific surface areas and adsorption capacities and good environmental compatibility. In this review, hydrogel photocatalysts are classified into two different categories depending on their elemental composition and recent progresses in the methods for preparing hydrogel photocatalysts are summarized. Moreover, current applications of hydrogel photocatalysts in energy conversion and environmental remediation are reviewed. Furthermore, a comprehensive outlook and highlight future challenges in the development of hydrogel photocatalysts are presented.

关键词： hydrogel     photocatalysts     energy conversion     environmental treatment    

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Biological conversion pathways of sulfate reduction ammonium oxidation in anammox consortia

Zhen Bi, Deqing Wanyan, Xiang Li, Yong Huang

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年 第14卷 第3期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-019-1217-1

摘要： The SRAO phenomena tended to occur only under certain conditions. High amount of biomass and non-anaerobic condition is requirement for SRAO. Anammox bacteria cannot oxidize ammonium with sulfate as electron acceptor. AOB and AnAOB are mainly responsible for ammonium conversion. Heterotrophic sulfate reduction mainly contributed to sulfate conversion. For over two decades, sulfate reduction with ammonium oxidation (SRAO) had been reported from laboratory experiments. SRAO was considered an autotrophic process mediated by anammox bacteria, in which ammonium as electron donor was oxidized by the electron acceptor sulfate. This process had been attributed to observed transformations of nitrogenous and sulfurous compounds in natural environments. Results obtained differed largely for the conversion mole ratios (ammonium/sulfate), and even the intermediate and final products of sulfate reduction. Thus, the hypothesis of biological conversion pathways of ammonium and sulfate in anammox consortia is implausible. In this study, continuous reactor experiments (with working volume of 3.8L) and batch tests were conducted under normal anaerobic (0.2≤DO<0.5 mg/L) / strict anaerobic (DO<0.2 mg/L) conditions with different biomass proportions to verify the SRAO phenomena and identify possible pathways behind substrate conversion. Key findings were that SRAO occurred only in cases of high amounts of inoculant biomass under normal anaerobic condition, while absent under strict anaerobic conditions for same anammox consortia. Mass balance and stoichiometry were checked based on experimental results and the thermodynamics proposed by previous studies were critically discussed. Thus anammox bacteria do not possess the ability to oxidize ammonium with sulfate as electron acceptor and the assumed SRAO could, in fact, be a combination of aerobic ammonium oxidation, anammox and heterotrophic sulfate reduction processes.

关键词： Anammox bacteria     Autotrophic     Biological conversion     Sulfate reducing ammonium oxidation (SRAO)    

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Simplistic hydrothermal synthesis approach for fabricating photoluminescent carbon dots and its potential

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年 第17卷 第5期   页码 536-547 doi: 10.1007/s11705-022-2239-y

摘要： The past decade has witnessed a variety of members of the carbon family along with exposure of carbon dots due to their magnificent properties in sensing, bioimaging, catalytic applications, biomedical fields, and so on. Herein, we report the simple hydrothermal method to fabricate photoluminescent doped carbon quantum dots for the detection of noxious lead(II) ions. Lead(II) ion is very venomous for both the environment and human health for which its detection is demanded area in the research field. The as-prepared carbon dots show excellent photostability, low toxicity and significant photoluminescence properties along with good water solubility. Along with these properties, carbon dots have a quantum yield of approximately 15%. In the practical field of application, these carbon dots have been used as sensing probes for the detection of lead(II) ions with a detection limit of 60 nmol·L–1. The fluorescence intensity of carbon dots was remarkably quenched in the presence of the lead(II) ion selectively among all the tested metal ions. Furthermore, we have studied the Stern–Volmer relationship for lead(II) quenching along with the explanation of the probable quenching mechanism. Ability of the doped carbon dots in heavy metal ions sensing in an environmental sample was demonstrated.

关键词： carbon dots     fluorescence     heavy metal sensing     practical application     photoluminescence    

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Sustainable conversion regenerated cellulose into cellulose oleate by sonochemistry

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年 第17卷 第8期   页码 1096-1108 doi: 10.1007/s11705-023-2317-9

摘要： Derivatization has great potential for the high-value utilization of cellulose by enhancing its processability and functionality. However, due to the low reactivity of natural cellulose, it remains challenging to rapidly prepare cellulose derivatives with high degrees of substitution. The “cavitation effect” of ultrasound can reduce the particle size and crystalline index of cellulose, which provides a possible method for preparing cellulose derivatives. Herein, a feasible method was proposed for efficiently converting regenerated cellulose to cellulose oleate with the assistance of ultrasonic treatment. By adjusting the reaction conditions including ultrasonic intensity, feeding ratios of oleic acid, reaction time, and reaction solvent, a series of cellulose oleates with degrees of substitution ranging from 0.37 to 1.71 were synthesized. Additionally, the effects of different reaction conditions on the chemical structures, crystalline structures, and thermal behaviors were investigated thoroughly. Cellulose oleates with degrees of substitution exceeding 1.23 exhibited amorphous structures and thermoplasticity with glass transition temperatures at 159.8 to 172.6 °C. This study presented a sustainable and practicable method for effectively derivatizing cellulose.

关键词： regenerated cellulose     cellulose oleate     sonochemistry     degree of substitution     thermoplasticity    

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Dynamic contribution of variable-speed wind energy conversion system in system frequency regulation

Yajvender Pal VERMA, Ashwani KUMAR

《能源前沿（英文）》 2012年 第6卷 第2期   页码 184-192 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0185-y

摘要： Frequency regulation in a generation mix having large wind power penetration is a critical issue, as wind units isolate from the grid during disturbances with advanced power electronics controllers and reduce equivalent system inertia. Thus, it is important that wind turbines also contribute to system frequency control. This paper examines the dynamic contribution of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbine in system frequency regulation. The modified inertial support scheme is proposed which helps the DFIG to provide the short term transient active power support to the grid during transients and arrests the fall in frequency. The frequency deviation is considered by the controller to provide the inertial control. An additional reference power output is used which helps the DFIG to release kinetic energy stored in rotating masses of the turbine. The optimal speed control parameters have been used for the DFIG to increases its participation in frequency control. The simulations carried out in a two-area interconnected power system demonstrate the contribution of the DFIG in load frequency control.

关键词： doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)     load frequency control     inertial control     wind energy conversion system (WECS)    

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标题 作者 时间 类型 操作

Two-step hydrothermal conversion of biomass waste to humic acid using hydrochar as intermediate

期刊论文

Research progress on hydrothermal dissolution and hydrolysis of lignocellulose and lignocellulosic waste

Yan ZHAO, Wenjing LU, Jiajun CHEN, Xiangfeng ZHANG, Hongtao WANG

期刊论文

Nitrogen distribution in the products from the hydrothermal liquefaction of sp. and sp.

期刊论文

ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS IN HYDROCHAR PRODUCED BY HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION OF DAIRY MANURE

期刊论文

Ti incorporation in MCM-41 mesoporous molecular sieves using hydrothermal synthesis

Shengping WANG, Changqing MA, Yun SHI, Xinbin MA

期刊论文

Underlying mechanism of the hydrothermal instability of Cu

Nadeen Al-Janabi,Abdullatif Alfutimie,Flor R. Siperstein,Xiaolei Fan

期刊论文

Effects of metal ions on the morphology of calcium sulfate hemihydrate whiskers by hydrothermal method

Tianjie Liu, Hao Fan, Yanxia Xu, Xingfu Song, Jianguo Yu

期刊论文

Hydrothermal treatment of MSWI fly ash for simultaneous dioxins decomposition and heavy metal stabilization

Jinlong XIE, Yuyan HU, Dezhen CHEN, Bin ZHOU,

期刊论文

Preparation and characterization of ZnO/ZnS hybrid photocatalysts via microwave-hydrothermal method

ZHAO Jinglian, WANG Xinping, ZHAO Liang

期刊论文

Efficient hydrothermal deoxygenation of methyl palmitate to diesel-like hydrocarbons on carbon encapsulated

期刊论文

Hydrogel photocatalysts for efficient energy conversion and environmental treatment

期刊论文

Biological conversion pathways of sulfate reduction ammonium oxidation in anammox consortia

Zhen Bi, Deqing Wanyan, Xiang Li, Yong Huang

期刊论文

Simplistic hydrothermal synthesis approach for fabricating photoluminescent carbon dots and its potential

期刊论文

Sustainable conversion regenerated cellulose into cellulose oleate by sonochemistry

期刊论文

Dynamic contribution of variable-speed wind energy conversion system in system frequency regulation

Yajvender Pal VERMA, Ashwani KUMAR

期刊论文